介绍 R 的基础绘图与常用可视化参数，覆盖图形类型、坐标轴、颜色、图例和多图布局。
# R 语言可视化# 常用绘图参数速查type ： "p" 点， "l" 线， "b" 点线；常用于 plot / lines 。pch ：点形状，整数或字符；常见 16 (实心圆)、19 (大实心圆)、21 (填充圆)。col / border / fill ：颜色； col.axis / col.lab / col.main 控制轴 / 标签 / 标题颜色。cex ：整体缩放； cex.axis / cex.lab / cex.main 控制字号缩放。lwd ：线宽； lty 线型 (1 实线，2 虚线，3 点线)。xlab / ylab / main / sub ：轴标签与标题。xlim / ylim ：坐标轴范围； las 坐标轴刻度文字方向。mfrow / mfcol ： par 的多面板布局。legend ： legend(x, legend, col, pch, lwd, lty, bty="n") 添加图例。# 1. 基础绘图散点图： plot(x, y, type="p", pch=16, col=...) ，可加 legend() ；叠加回归线 abline(lm(y ~ x)) 。
1 2 3 4 5 set.seed( 1145 ) x <- sample( 1 : 100 , 80 ) y <- 2 * x + 20 + rnorm( 80 , 0 , 10 ) plot( x, y, pch = 16 , col = "blue" , main = "Scatter Plot" ) abline( lm( y ~ x) , col = "coral" , lwd = 2 )
# 2. 条形图与帕累托横向条形： barplot(vals, horiz=TRUE, names=..., col=...) ； DescTools::BarText 添加数值。 帕累托：排序后 barplot ，叠加累计曲线 lines(cumsum(x)/sum(x)) 。
1 2 3 4 5 6 df <- read.csv( "resources/data/example3_1.csv" ) b <- barplot( df$ Beijing, horiz = TRUE , names = df$ Expenditure.items, col = "lightblue" ) DescTools:: BarText( df$ Beijing, b = b, horiz = TRUE ) x <- sort( df$ Beijing, decreasing = TRUE ) bar <- barplot( x, col = "skyblue" ) lines( cumsum ( x) / sum ( x) , type = "b" , pch = 15 )
# 3. 直方图与密度
1 2 3 df <- read.csv( "resources/data/example3_3.csv" ) hist( df$ turnover, breaks = 20 , prob = TRUE , col = "lightblue" ) lines( density( df$ turnover) , col = "coral" , lwd = 2 )
# 4. 箱线图
1 2 3 df3_4 <- read.csv( "resources/data/example3_4.csv" ) boxplot( df3_4, xlab = "College" , ylab = "English Score" , col = RColorBrewer:: brewer.pal( 5 , "Set3" ) ) points( apply( df3_4, 2 , mean) , col = "blue3" , pch = "+" , cex = 1.5 )
# 5. 散点、气泡与线图
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 df3_5 <- read.csv( "resources/data/example3_5.csv" ) plot( df3_5$ per.capita.GDP, df3_5$ Total.retail.sales.of.consumer.goods, pch = 19 , col = "steelblue" ) abline( lm( df3_5$ Total.retail.sales.of.consumer.goods ~ df3_5$ per.capita.GDP) , col = "coral" , lwd = 2 ) symbols( x= df3_5$ per.capita.GDP, y= df3_5$ Total.retail.sales.of.consumer.goods, circles= df3_5$ General.budgetary.expenditures.of.local.governments, inches= 0.2 , bg= "pink" )
# 6. 多系列 / 双轴折线
1 2 3 4 5 stock <- readxl:: read_excel( "resources/data/stock.xlsx" ) plot( stock$ year, stock$ SP, type = "b" , pch = 16 , col = "steelblue" ) par( new = TRUE ) plot( stock$ year, stock$ SQ, type = "b" , pch = 17 , col = "coral" , axes = FALSE , xlab = "" , ylab = "" ) axis( side = 4 ) ; mtext( "价格" , side = 4 , line = 3 )
# 7. 雷达与面积图
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 df3_6 <- read.csv( "resources/data/example3_6.csv" ) ggiraphExtra:: ggRadar( data = df3_6, rescale = FALSE , aes( group = Regional) , alpha = 0 , size = 2 ) library( reshape2) ; library( ggplot2) df <- reshape2:: melt( read.csv( "resources/data/example3_7.csv" ) , id.vars = "year" ) ggplot( df, aes( x = year, y = value, color = variable, group = variable) ) + geom_line( ) + geom_point( )
# 8. 多图布局par(mfrow = c(r, c)) 设置面板。
1 2 3 par( mfrow = c ( 1 , 2 ) ) plot( 1 : 5 , main = "A" ) plot( 5 : 1 , main = "B" )
